The purpose of your immune system is to protect your body from unknown and risky attackers. Such intruders are bacilli (bacteria, viruses, and fungi), parasites, malignant cells, transplanted organs, and tissues. The immune system destroys everything dangerous to your body. To protect your body from these attackers, your body must be able to distinguish what […]
Cancer is a frightening disease that represents abnormal tissue growth, otherwise known as a tumor. Tumors need nutrients and an oxygen supply for their growth and progress. For these purposes, tumors need an influx of large amounts of blood, which can provide them with a sufficient influx of oxygen and nutrients. Therefore, as cancer progresses, […]
Human blood is divided into blood groups based on the absence or presence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Before the blood transfusion, blood group tests are performed, and during the examination of pregnant women to determine the Rh factor. Blood grouping is done to determine if there is any likelihood […]
A heart transplant is a transplant of a complete human heart. Heart failure (or congestive heart failure) is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet other bodily organs’ needs. People with heart failure should not strain because they are short of breath and tired. They can also have life-threatening irregular […]
Anemia (hr. anemia; ICD-10: D50-D64) is strictly defined as a decrease in red blood cell mass (erythrocytes, RBC from red blood cell) and is the most common blood disorder. Erythrocytes’ role is to deliver oxygen from the lungs in tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues into the lungs. This is achieved using hemoglobin (Hb), a […]
A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures or becomes clogged. The affected part of the brain does not get the necessary blood, and within a few minutes, it begins to die. If you have a stroke, you may die, remain paralyzed, or have difficulty speaking or understanding speech. And you can […]
Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency or a disease caused by a defect in metabolic conversion, such as that of tryptophan to niacin. Fat-soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins are K, A, D, and E. Precisely because they are fat-soluble, they can accumulate in the body, and avitaminosis occurs when fat absorption […]
ENZYMES – structure and general characteristics Enzymes are carriers of many metabolic reactions in the body. Metabolic reactions in the human body would not be possible without enzymes’ presence. Substrates are compounds that are chemically modified by the action of enzymes. The first enzyme isolated in the crystalline state was urease (Summer). Enzymes contain an […]
Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary alveoli or walls of the alveolar sacs. The diagnosis of pneumonia is quite obvious; however, as many organisms can cause pneumonia, determining the cause in a particular case can be very difficult. Numerous microorganisms can cause pneumonia, but they most commonly cause its bacteria. Common causes depend on […]
The reproductive system of women, unlike the male system, shows regular cyclical changes that can be considered periodic preparations for fertilization and pregnancy. In humans and other primates, the cycle is called the menstrual cycle. Its most obvious feature is vaginal bleeding that occurs with peeling of the uterus’ lining (menstruation). The cycle’s length is […]
A motor neuron is a nerve cell that serves to transmit information between the nervous system and muscles in the body. There is an upper and a lower motor neuron. The upper is located in the brain, and the lower in the spinal cord. When you want to make a movement (eg grab a glass) […]
There is a loss of attention and concentration, mental and physical fatigue. Mood swings, depression or aggressive behavior, hallucinations, paranoia occur. Changes such as falling into unreasonable crying or laughing are characteristic. Speech is difficult, he cannot remember adequate words, he becomes simple, he uses phrases … There are several types of dementia, of which […]
A CT (computed tomography) scanner is a special machine that uses X-rays. Instead of sending individual X-rays through the body with a regular X-ray, multiple X-rays are sent simultaneously from different angles. How does a CT scanner work? Once they pass through the body, the X-ray beams are detected, and their strength is measured. Bundles […]
An anesthetic is used to reduce or eliminate pain so that doctors can make painful procedures or surgeries.There are two types of anesthetics: general, leading to loss of consciousness. local, which reduces or eliminates pain in a part of the body Anesthesia-induced sleep is not the same as normal sleep but a form of a […]
Amniocentesis is a serious diagnostic test that is performed during pregnancy. It is used to detect possible chromosomal abnormalities in the unborn baby that can cause Down syndrome or other congenital problems. This procedure takes a sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus and analyzes it. This test is performed from the fifteenth week of […]
Angiography is a test that makes the arteries easily visible to X-rays with the help of an injection of fluid injected into the bloodstream. When is angiography used? Until recently, an angiogram was used to determine blood vessels’ condition. Today, non-invasive techniques provide the same information with less inconvenience and risk to the patient. These […]
A biopsy is a procedure of taking a tissue sample from an organism to examine. The tissue is examined under a microscope, and therefore microscopic samples are needed. Sometimes it is enough to scrape the tissue from an area (an example of this is taking a sample with the cervix ). During a bowel examination, […]
The pain usually always indicates that something is wrong with the body. For example, in the armpit area, pain can be a sign of overloading the muscular and joint structures. But even more, serious causes of pain such as lymph nodes or breast cancer are sometimes the trigger and indication for underarm pain. If the […]
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